Must have and can’t have followed by a past participle are used to express certainty or possibility about past events.
Must have + Past Participle
You use “must have + past participle” to express certainty: a strong belief that something definitely happened in the past.
Example: “They must have been very tired. They worked all night.”
Can’t have + Past Participle
You use “can’t have + past participle” to express impossibility: a strong belief that something definitely did not happen in the past.
Example: “She can’t have forgotten her keys. She always carries them with her.”
See the following table:
Construction | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
Must have + past participle | Certainty | He must have seen the movie. |
Can’t have + past participle | Impossibility | She can’t have lost her phone. |
These constructions are used to express strong beliefs or deductions based on available information. They are not always 100% certain, but they are highly probable.
Must Have and Can’t Have Exercises
Exercise I
Complete these sentences using must (have) … or can’t (have) …!
Examples:
Is she Indonesian? Yes, she must be Indonesian.
Did Jack see you? No, he can’t have seen me.
-
Are they married? Yes, they must ………………………………………
-
Is she serious ? No, she can’t…………………………………
-
Were they in a hurry ? Yes, they………………………………….
-
Does Helen know Jack? Yes, she ………………………………………
-
Did Michael know about the news ? Yes, he ………………………………………
-
Do Brian and Amanda have much money ? No, they ………………………………………
-
Was John driving carefully ? No, he ………………………………………
-
Are they waiting for the teacher ? Yes, they ……………………………………….
Exercise II
Complete these sentences with must or can’t + a suitable verb.
Example: She’s been travelling all day. She must be very tired.
-
Bill has got a lot of houses, cars and helicopters. He ……………… a lot of money.
-
I wonder who is knocking at the door. It ………………………Paul. He said he would come at 8 o’clock. And it’s 8 o’clock now.
-
I wonder why John isn’t at work today. I suppose he …………..ill.
-
Budi seems to know a lot about history. He ………………………… a lot of books .
-
Matt’s putting on this jacket. He ………………… out.
Exercise III
Read a situation and write an appropriate sentence with must have or can’t have. Use the words in brackets.
Example: The bell rang but she didn’t hear it. (She must/be/asleep )
She must have been asleep.
-
That watch you bought has a very good quality. (it must/be/very expensive) It must ………………………………………………………………
-
I haven’t seen Jane for ages. (she must /go/away) She ………………………………………………………………
-
I wonder where my iPhone is. (you must/leave/it in the office) …………………………………………………………………
-
George passed the examination. He didn’t study very much for it. (the exam can’t/be/very difficult) …………………………………………………………………
-
He knew everything about our plans. (He must/listen/to our conversation) …………………………………………………………………
Answer
Exercise I
-
Yes, they must be married.
-
No, she can’t be serious.
-
Yes, they must have been in a hurry.
-
Yes, she must know him.
-
Yes, he must have known about it.
-
No, they can’t have much money.
-
No, he must have driven the car carelessly./No, he mustn’t have driven the car carefully.
-
Yes, they can/must wait for the teacher.
Exercise II
-
must have
-
must be
-
must be
-
must have
-
must go
Exercise III
-
It must have been very expensive.
-
She must have gone away.
-
I must have left it in the office.
-
The exam can’t have been very difficult.
-
He must have listened to our conversation.
Other Exercises
Save your time by having our ebook Buy 119+ Situations by 16 Tenses here.
or you can also have the paperback book here:
Leave a Reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.